Logical Fallacies Essay Example for Free

Logical Fallacies Essay The following is an example of the said argument taken from the website, www.fallacyfiles.com: [Joe McCarthy] announced that he had penetrated Trumans iron curtain of secrecy and that he proposed forthwith to present 81 cases†¦ Cases of exactly what? I am only giving the Senate, he said, cases in which it is clear there is a definite Communist connection†¦persons whom I consider to be Communists in the State Department. †¦ Of Case 40, he said, I do not have much information on this except the general statement of the agency†¦that there is nothing in the files to disprove his Communist connections. Analysis: The fallacy exists in the assumption that the burden of the evidence is to prove that Truman’s communist connections are not true when it was never established to be true in the first place. This type of error of logic is committed when the lack of evidence is used to prove something and this is false because the lack of evidence is not evidence in itself. One’s ignorance or lack of knowledge cannot be used to prove or disprove something. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Begging the question This fallacy, also known as â€Å"circular reasoning†, occurs when a premise is used as the conclusion or when a claim that is yet to be established or proven occurs as the conclusion. The fallacy is illustrated in following example taken from the book, The Abortion Controversy by Helen Alvare: To cast abortion as a solely private moral question,†¦is to lose touch with common sense: How human beings treat one another is practically the definition of a public moral matter. Of course, there are many private aspects of human relations, but the question whether one human being should be allowed fatally to harm another is not one of them. Abortion is an inescapably public matter. Analysis: This writer sees more than one point of flawed reasoning in the given example. Firstly, there is the assumption that the idea of morality is dependent on whether the issue at hand should be considered a public or private matter. Second, there has been no attempt to expound what qualifies as â€Å"the private aspects of human relations† and it necessarily contradicts the given definition of a public moral matter which is â€Å"how human beings treat one another.† To say that something is practically the definition of something else does not prove that it is. Thirdly, the implication that equates abortion to allowing â€Å"humans to fatally harm another† is but another assumption and does not prove the conclusion, because that premise itself is in need of proof. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Common belief This fallacy occurs when people hinge the truth of a claim or proposition on what is believed by many or popular belief. Popular belief is simply statistics. The prevalence of an opinion does not account for the truth of a claim. For example just because many people believe there is a God or just because certain cultures believe that illnesses are caused by bad spirits does not make both claims true. The truth of a claim cannot be proven by sheer popularity. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Division This error in logic occurs when the characteristics of the parts are assumed to be true for the whole. Take for example the following statements from the website www.fallacyfiles.com: 1. The universe has existed for fifteen billion years.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The universe is made out of molecules.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, each of the molecules in the universe has existed for fifteen billion years. Analysis: While it may be true that certain characteristics can apply to both the parts and the whole, this is not an absolute truth. In the example given, although it is possible that age (i.e. fifteen billion years) may be a shared characteristic, it is not the case for the example given because although the universe has been in fact been in existence for fifteen billion years, not all of its molecules has been existing since then. List of references: Engel M. With Good Reason: An Introduction to Informal Fallacies (Fifth Edition). St. Martins, 1994 Krabbe, E. Appeal to Ignorance, in Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Reading. USA: Penn State Press, 1995 Rovere R. Introduction to Logic (Fourth Edition). USA: 1960. Walton, D. The Essential Ingredients of the Fallacy of Begging the Question, Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings. USA: Penn State Press, 1995.

Policy-making Procedures in Healthcare

Policy-making Procedures in Healthcare 1.1 The policy-making process Policy-making procedure is the approach of diverse wander by which government makes the procedure for tackle differing issues. The wander for the methodology making needs your full thought and data about distinctive issues. The steps for the course of action making are after: Problem identification and agenda setting For make we technique we need to recognize the issue first. Various components impact in the issue conspicuous evidence like political conviction framework, and novel venture, the wide correspondences, general assessment studies and so forth. Power needs to toll thee well about these things in the midst of issue unmistakable evidence. Inspiration setting is picking what is to be picked. For example unlawful relocation has been proceeding for quite a while yet it was not that authentic until 1990 to that it obliges government action. Policy formation For the policy formation we need to compose the approach making procedure. In this methodology we need to recognize the structure and the primary targets and its need segments. This policy includes invested individuals and recommendations from givers and different nations. After that we need to recognize the primary issues. Specialists of the field or the populace of other nation who as of now did it can help us to recognize the principle issues. After distinguish the issues itemized examination is needed. For This step we have to distinguish the wellspring of issue, pick suitable technique and structure the standard for the observing and advancement. The setting of the objectives and target is fundamental piece of the approach framing. One it chose it ought to be examining with all the gatherings. After this policy the specialists individual needs to draft the approach for the dispatch. The draft approach ought to be circle and reconsider for the last touch before the reception proc ess. Counsel of masters ought to be taken for enhance the arrangement. Adoption The policy formation is in little steps and exceptionally perplexing procedure. After structuring of the arrangement reception of the approach is additionally the complex methodology. In numerous nations arrangement must be available in the bureau and applicants of the bureau vote and receive the approach. While in a few nations, president has right to embracing the arrangement by marking it. A few strategies can be connected by the consent of the Supreme Court likewise. Thus, by thusly we can embrace the approach. Policy implementation. Policy without implementation is similar to tiger without teeth. The execution or doing of strategy is regularly fulfilled by foundations -other than defined and those that received it. A statute usually provides simply an expansive layout of a strategy. For the usage of the strategy there ought to be an expert arrangement and particular nitty gritty activity arrangements are needed. For this we likewise do need to set the dependable persons, harsh arrangements, assessed plan and other related arrangement for the circumstances of the crisis. The lead power needs to take care of the best possible usage of the strategy. The immediate implementation of policy is unrealistic. Thus, we need to separation the expert arrange in the little activity arranges and need to apply it orderly. The approach ought to be actualized in the path by which we can attain our objectives. Open help and comprehension assumes a crucial part in the usage of the strategy. On the off chance that open dont help or acknowledge the strategy the usage is much hard to do. At other hand if open help arrangement execution gets to be all the more simple. For instance, according to relinquishment demonstration of New Zealand the vender cant show the tobacco items in the store. Also dealers acknowledge this strategy with the incredible help and People are getting advantages of it. Indeed retailers are urging the individuals to stop the smoking too. Policy Monitoring and Evolution The policy monitoring means proceeds with care for the consequences of the approach. By this checking we can find that arrangement met the normal results or not. Checking is possible by different strategies including supervisory visits and reporting. At the framing of the strategy we need to check the symptoms. By checking the arrangement we can be dead set symptoms which have been happened after the usage. Evolution means decide how a strategy functions, and its not a simple errand. Individuals inside and outside government by and large utilize the expense advantage examination to attempt to discover the answer. At the end of the day, if the administration uses x billion over this arrangement the results advantages worth the cost. Expense advantage examination is focused around the difficult to find information which are liable to distinctive and once in a while opposing, elucidations. Policy is the heart of the strategy making procedure. Policy is carried out by the voting and open surveys. By development we can get thought regarding the adequacy and the mistakes of the approach. This is the entire process by which we can make the strategy can enhance it further. Politics, laws and budgets Governments attempt to battle drug enslavement with arrangements which address both the interest and supply of medications, and approaches which can moderate the damages of medication misuse, and for therapeutic treatment. Request diminishment measures incorporate disallowance, fines for medication offenses, imprisonment for persons indicted for medication offenses, treatment, (for example, willful restoration, coercive mind, or supply on therapeutic remedy for medication abusers), mindfulness crusades, group social administrations, and backing for families. Supply side decrease includes measures, for example, authorizing remote approach went for killing the universal development of plants used to make medications and interference of medication trafficking. Arrangements which may help relieve the impacts of medication ill-use incorporate needle trade and medication substitution programs, and also free offices for testing a drugs immaculateness. Medications subject to control fluctuate from ward to purview. For instance, heroin is directed very nearly all over; substances, for example, qat, codeine and even Tamiflu are managed in a few spots, however not others. Most wards likewise control physician endorsed medications, restorative medications not considered hazardous yet that must be supplied to holders of a medicinal remedy, and once in a while drugs accessible without medicine however just from an affirmed supplier, for example, a drug store, yet this is not normally portrayed as a medication arrangement. Drug Policy in New Zealand objectives to evade and diminish medication related damage in the group by controlling or directing the openness of medications, restricting the utilization of medications by people and diminishing mischief from existing medication utilization. The present arrangement is National Drug Policy 2007-2012. In New Zealand the National Drug Policy is the managing record for arrangement and practices went for minimizing medication related damage in the group. The National Drug Policy 2007-2012 expands on the first National Drug Policy 1998-2003. It sets out the Governments approach for tobacco, liquor, illicit and different medications inside a solitary system. The Governments medication arrangement is contained in the National Drug Policy 2007–2012. A National Drug Policy was initially received in 1998 to set the general bearing for medication arrangement in New Zealand. Inside the skeleton gave by the national arrangement, focal and nearby government offices and non-government associations included in the liquor and medication division set their needs and create their work programs. The certain desire is that the needs of all the significant offices in the part are adjusted to the National Drug Policy and that their work arrangements execute procedures and measures that backing the approach. The accompanying targets have been recognized for the National Drug Policy to attain the all-encompassing objective: To forestall or delay the uptake of tobacco, liquor, illicit and other medication use, especially in Maori, Pacific people groups and youngsters To decrease the damage brought on by tobacco by decreasing the commonness of tobacco smoking, utilization of tobacco items and introduction to second-hand smoke To decrease damage to people, families and groups from the dangerous utilization of liquor To avoid or decrease the supply and utilization of illicit medications and other hurtful medication utilization Authoritative arrangement producers are Board of Directors, Management Committee, and Executives. The part of the arrangement producer is go about as a channel to accumulate data through meeting and research and to diminish and concentrate from the data, a strategy or a set of arrangements which serve to advance what is the favored approach. Required administrations that is conceivable to help actualize the procedure; Rational Decision Making Model: Rational Decision Making Model includes a methodology of knowing, understanding and adapting in which each step takes after the other in an intelligent manner and turns out with the best come about. The Garbage Can Model: The issues, arrangements and the leaders are settled on separated and the choices taken are not the arranged ones. Contingency Model: In the Contingency, the gathering relies on the administration and the assignments of inspiration and relations. Incremental Model: Selective objective and its destinations are identified with the exploratory investigation of the issue. The attention brought for managing the issue is slightly unique in relation to the current ones. Decisions types Structured Decisions Organized choices are called programmable choices. They are called programmable choices in light of the fact that the greater part of the viewpoints affecting the decision and its determination are perceived and it is known to create a given result furnished with the huge data. Through this, choices can be changed into a basic project of exercises that a machine can perform. These are tedious, unsurprising and decently characterized choices used to quit treating intricacies as though they are new. They are preplanned and need conceptualizing to concoct a fantastic conclusion. Every individual included in an association utilizes their cognitive capacities to investigate and comprehend the circumstances to structure an ideal decision in the matter of how they are going to tackle a difficulty on a consistent request so it will serve as an aide for everybody on the best way to face the issue in the event that it will reoccur. Objectives are characterized, data is overseen and attained, a nd courses of action are known and it shows up in a decently characterized system are a percentage of the attributes of organized choices. Organized choices are similar to putting everybody on a container which permits them to think. The container permits everybody to settle on choices unquestionably and after that execute them without wavering gave that the methodology they are going to utilize is well-known and has a skeleton in this way they wont dither to place them vigorously. Besides, organized choice making is a systemic approach in recognizing the issue, defining an arrangement while considering different alternatives, and settling on decisions in a complex choice situation. Unstructured Decisions Unstructured choice is the complete inverse of organized choice. It is intricate in nature so there is no distinct genuine and attempted strategy to handle them. This sort of choice is one of a kind and has a vague set of consecutive reactions which happens in the association. This implies that the union does not have a current determination to a developing circumstance and another investigation is needed for every event. On the off chance that there is no predominant technique to help the chief in settling on a decision, then the association is inclined to rebuff post-choice. The affiliation is less light in perceiving that they have pondered all the options and variables. They are farfetched regarding whether they will begin the procedure (or not) as they absence of certainty and alarm the repercussions of settling on the wrong decision. They would seek after the choice making procedure realizing that they were going to learn as they went and need to rehash steps as they learn. The danger included in taking choices to settle the issue in this is typically high. These choices cant be assigned and the expense is high contrasted with organized choices. Strategic Decisions A Definition taken from Business Dictionary: Chosen elective that influences key elements which focus the achievement of an organization’s strategy. In correlation, a tactical decision influences the everyday execution of steps needed to achieve the objectives of a system. What is the utilization of running in the event that you are not on the right tract? This is a question that social insurance associations ought to be asking themselves. It is a matter of certainty that social insurance foundations defy a mixture of ecological and focused requests ordinary, which requires vital choice making. The arrangement of business powers, framework cooperation’s and natural requests implies that all medicinal services associations ought to be considering the difficulties and opportunities they face, and couple that assessment with an examination of their ability to develop fitting vital choice reactions. As an illustration, the chief in human services office may have the goal of expanding the quantity of patients in the unit and choose to actualize a system offering lower costs without influencing the accuracy and precision of the patients mind. After a month of resulting the new approach, administrators can cast deals data for the month and figure out if the method yield an upright result and revise it to enhance the key arrangement. Operational Decisions As indicated by business word reference it is characterized as a sort of short term decision by a company in lieu of long term strategies at the time of obtaining of organization resources. These include the normal operations of the organization, and thusly need to be tended to before any terrific scheme issues. The fate of a health awareness association focuses on the nature of its execution, not on the amount of its movement. Achievement will request master consideration capability inside and outside of an association. Change is certain. In a dynamic nation, change is steady. In my perspective, this is a conviction that we ought to think seriously about and must be the vision for the association. An action set would be a phenomenal ideal model of operational choice method. This grasps frameworks, structures, and procedures that are sound with the association’s procedure and support to attain unrivaled execution. It embodies operational strategies, operational systems, motivation and prize framework, data framework, administration methodology, planning exercises, reporting framework and operational planning. References: Retrieved from http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205011616.pdf Retrieved from http://www.beinformed.com/BeInformed/webdav-resource/binaries/pdf/publications/public-policy-making.pdf?webdav-id=/Be Informed Bibliotheek/0000 WEBDAV/WebDAV StatContent.bixmlChapter 21: The policy-making process.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_jones_politics_7/163/41890/10723877.cw/index.html Decision-making Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. (n.d.).  RetrievedSeptember21, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making Policy Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. (n.d.).  RetrievedSeptember21, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy Policy Making: Political Interactions [ushistory.org]. (n.d.).  Retrieved from http://www.ushistory.org/gov/11.asp The Policymaking Process.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/american-government/public-policy/the-policymaking-process Texas Politics The Policy Making Process.(n.d.).  Retrieved from http://texaspolitics.utexas.edu/archive/html/bur/features/0303_01/policy.html

Managing Marketing Activities At Sainsburys

Managing Marketing Activities At Sainsburys J Sainsbury plc was founded in 1869 and at present day it operates a total of 890 stores comprising 547 supermarkets and 343 convenience stores all over UK. It jointly owns Sainsburys Bank with Lloyds Banking Group and has two property joint ventures with Land Securities Group PLC and The British Land Company PLC. The Sainsburys brand is built upon a heritage of providing customers with healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food. Quality and fair prices go hand-in-hand with a responsible approach to business. Sainsburys stores have a particular emphasis on fresh foods and it continuously strives to innovate and improve products in line according to customer needs. It serves over 19 million customers a week and has a market share of over 16 per cent. Sainsburys large store offers about 30,000 products and complementary non-food products services. TRENDS AND ISSUES: Competition Market. Rising Unemployment. Addition of internet preference and new stores required. Changing consumers awareness Decent awareness of products (Mintel 2008) (Euro monitors 2007) PEST ANALYSIS: Political: Corporation tax is essential for every business. In the UK, VAT increased up to 2.5% and for that reason customers or consumers have to pay more to purchase VAT related product. Sainsburys hundreds of products currently on promotion instore and online will also be exempt from any price increases as a result of the 2.5% VAT increase. (Sainbury 2010) So Sainsburys have to pay a large amount of corporation tax every financial year. From the corporation tax government can earn a lump sum amount. (ProQuest 2009) Economical: The rapidly increasing global food crisis have lead to increased food prices all over the world impacting greatly on the margins of the organizations leading to increased cost to consumers. Due to recession, the condition of super market industry is very bad and Sainsburys are no exception from that. Furthermore, the rising fuel costs have created more negative implications right throughout the supply chain of Sainsburys. Social: Due to Globalization every organization is trying to reduce the use of non recyclable items. Sainsburys are planning to plant more than 2 million trees within the next five years. At present UK Government is also putting more emphasis to consume organic food. This plantation strategy might help to increase the number of organic products in a yearly basis. (J-Sainsbury 2010) Technological: The Internet accounts for 8% of global advertising spend and is growing rapidly one of the greatest downsides of supermarket shopping are the queuing system. Self checkout machines, employed by Asda and Tesco, are proving positive results especially for customers who have to queue up for very few items. Furthermore, self checkout machines could help in Sainsburys opening stores for 24 hours which might help boost sales. Porters 5 Forces analysis: Competitive rivalry: Sainsburys has a market share of 14.9% in 2007, which is steadily increasing since its restructuring programme that started in 2004 (Annual Report 2007). This is a positive trend but it lags well behind the market leader Tesco, showing that there is considerable distance to cover. Tesco, Asda, and Morrisons are the three big supermarket chains in the UK retail sector. All of them have a different competitive advantage over their competitors. Sainsburys reach in the convenience stores makes it have a larger customer reach. Threat of entry: Barriers to entry are extremely high in the food retail market due variety of factors. Firstly, organized retail is amongst the most sophisticated sectors within the UK and needs a lot of investment, along with significant brand development, which takes years to establish (Doyle 2002). Secondly, retail is also at an advanced stage within the UK and most of the western world, which means there is less scope for new entrants to establish themselves. Local knowledge is extremely crucial within the food retail sector, something that is difficult for foreign firms to replicate. This is corroborated by the presence of few global supermarkets in UK. Threats of substitute Products: The retail market is always trying to converge and assimilate new innovations with respect to food products or alternative businesses, to make shopping an extremely pleasurable experience. This makes them extremely difficult to substitute The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat whereby one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets. (Blythe 2006) . (ProQuest 2010) Power of Supplier: Supplier power is usually more complicated as it is difficult to categorise it. It can be argued that if supermarkets do not sell their products consumers will shift loyalties, making suppliers very powerful. However, if the products of big companies do not reach supermarkets, their sales volumes will be affected hugely. The relationship might change depending on the situation of the big branded supplier, for example, when sales of Cadburys dairy milk increased through the successful Gorilla ad campaign (Wiggins and Urry 2007) (Kotler 2006) Buyer Power: Buyer power is high in this industry simply due to the presence of so many competitors selling the same products. It is only differentiated in price and consumer loyalty and increasingly on green credentials. Moreover, the switching costs are low for consumers. As the economy goes further towards recession consumers needs are likely to be given more weight, increasing their power considerably. (Blythe 2006) (ODoherty 2008) Weaknesses Sales decreasing in the UK No good invention Strengths Great Quality Value Service Choice Sainsburys SWOT Analysis Threats Carryingcost is increasing Increasing basic rate of wages in UK Competitors are capturing their market Global recession Opportunities Competitive price strategy Opportunity of online shopping Growing up potential market (Sainsbury 2010) (Cobra 2010) Market Segmentation: One core aspect of Sainsburys activities is its focus on customer/market segmentation. Sainsburys divide their customer base into 10 separate segments. Customer intelligence is gathered through analysis of Nectar Card (formerly Reward Card) purchases. The things that made Sainsburys one of Britains best retailers, great food at fair prices and wonderful services, are as important to customers today as they ever were. Sainsburys have a great network of stores in excellent locations, and even through the recent troubles Sainsburys customer numbers were constant at about 14 million a week. (J-Sainsbury 2010) Marketing Objective: The business of Sainsbury is now focused very much on their Supermarkets and Bank following the sale and development during the year. The three key priorities such as decrease environmental impact of products reduce CO2 and misuse was developed in1988. These are based on environmental impact and considered the most important for the business. (Mintel 2007) To manage the significant environmental outcome which they have direct control and try to find to influence their suppliers and customers who can reduce the impact of their organization has on the environment. (ProQuest 2010) Marketing Strategy: Marketing strategy allows an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage According to Kotler (2005), Marketing strategy is the marketing logic by which the business unit hopes to achieve its marketing objective. It shows how strategies for target markets and positioning build upon the firms differential advantages.Marketing strategy of Sainsburys is planned to acquire people from treadmill and into more adventurous eating. Below the band line Try Something New Today is launched in 2005. (Data Monitor 2009) Corporate Objective: Great food at fair prices Accelerating the growth of complementary non-food ranges and services Reaching more customers through additional channels Growing supermarket space Active property management Evolution of Marketing Mix: According to Kotler (2005)Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing mix is a shape of permutation which makes marketing. These components are advertising, quality, promotion offer, coverage etc. It is really important to analysis the target market. According to McCarthy (1960), these merged tools are classified as product, price, promotion and place which is well-known as 4Ps. To make the marketing mix, business has to gather the subsequent condition: The product has to have the correct component for example, it has to look high-quality quality and work well. The Price must be acceptable. Customers want to purchase numbers of product to make a healthy profit. The products have to be in the correct place and correct time. They are wanted is an essential operation to make sure that products arrive when and where. The target group needs to be prepared aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion. Successful promotions assist a firm to increase  costs  over a better  output. Product: According to Kotler (2005), Product means the totally of goods and service that the company offers the target market. Core Product: According to Kotlar (2006), the most basic level is the core product, which address the question of what is the customer really buying? Core products or flagship products are a companys products which are most directly related to their core competencies. These products are then integrated into a variety of end products, either by the company holding the core product or by a second company to which the core product is sold to, and the end products are sold to users. Sainsburys provides lots of consumer product but Grocery, Fresh food and Fresh Vegetable are core products of Sainsburys because customers really like to buy these products. Actual product: Actual product has many attribute but five characteristics are the main characteristics, which are quality of the product, feature of the product, style of the product, packing and brand name of the item. Product variety: Sainsburys have lots of different products. Products are groceries, food and drink, kitchen appliances, electronic appliances, toys and games for the kids, sport and leisure appliances. (Sainsbury 2010) Quality: Sainsbury has different types of food range like Sainsburys kids; Sainsburys taste the different, Sainsburys basic, Sainsburys organic etc. Sainsbury has re-launched their be good to yourself range in January 2010 with over 60 new lines in the range. (Euro Monitor 2010) Design/Styling: Sainsburys offers different types of testy and healthy food and different types of new latest design for their customers such as kitchen accessories, electronic appliances, toys and games. Brand Features: Sainsbury also offers a range of well-known products and their own brand. Augmented Product: This product based on around the core products and actual products. Augmented product always provides supplementary consumer benefits and services. When any new product comes in the market then customers always like to watch that what the main benefit to satisfy their needs is. Advantages of Customer service: Sainsburys consists of additional service that support the customers need including assistance and offering training through the online or telephone. (Mintel 2009) Warranties Returns: Sainsbury gives the warranties and returns. It is depend upon the products that how many days customers will get warranties. Price: Competitive Pricing: At this time all supermarkets are in the competition. Sainsbury always offer to customers for their great products at fair price. Sainsbury has different types of food ranges. Sainsburys basics products, offer a variety of over 700 low price food and grocery items from different shapes and size. Sainsburys basic are still Sainsburys quality and value. Sainsbury offer 75 products for the Kids. Sainsburys Kids food range takes low price for the kids which are fresh and healthy for the kids. (Sainsburys 2010) Place: Place includes the company activities that make the product available to target consumers. (Kotlar 2005). The place of marketing mix is very essential to explain how and where product is being sold. Customers always try to find a place, where they can go easily to purchase their goods. Main Mission Outlet: Sainsburys has different types of store format for their customers. Sainsburys have 275 stores which are organized as a Main Mission outlets. This means they concentrate on providing for the weekly family shop. Main plus Outlet: Sainsburys 64 stores are in the Main plus outlets. These main plus are the especially big super markets and Main plus also known as a hypermarkets. They occupy in excess of 45000 square feet area and focus on a wider range of food products as well as more non-food items. Mixed Mission Outlet: Without the other stores Sainsburys have 124 stores which are known as a Mixed Mission outlets. (ProQuest) Home delivery service: Online home delivery is the great service and facility of Sainsburys. In the busy world, customers are unable to give time to go to the shops. So customers like to purchase through online. Online home delivery gives lots of facility, such as customer can chose different types of product and can purchase through debit and credit cards. Promotion: Sainsburys is promoting their stores in different way to make popularity for their customer. Sales Promotion: Sales promotion includes a wide variety of promotion tools designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response (Kotlar 2005). The sales promotion can be direct as Push Strategy and Pull Strategy. Push strategy encouraging the channel to stock the product. Through the marketing channel, pull strategy encouraging getting consumer to pull the product from manufacturer. Sainsburys is making popularity through the sales promotion. Sainsburys schoolbags promotion is an example of a promotion that achieved business objective along with the environmental and social ones. (Mintel 2008) Advertising: Advertising is one of the promotion tools of marketing mix. In the marketing, the role of media or advertisement is very significant and its can create a demand for a product.Sainsbury has launched a new advertising promotion for summer 2010. The campaign featuring celebrity chef Jamie Oliver, plans to help Brits make their summer holidays taste grate and to get them excited about garden parties and barbecues and lush summer evenings. (Mintel 2010) Sainsburys use seamlessly integrated online and offline communication to promote Sainsburys To You home delivery services. A consistent communication was used to encourage reliable offer of  £5 off the customers first time online purchase through offline and online advertisement. (Kotlar 2005) Brand Awareness: The most important super market chain Sainsburys brand is shaped to provide testy, fresh and safe foods for their customer. ProQuest 2010) Nectar at Sainsbury: Sainsbury offers double Nectar point for their customer. For this nectar card, customer can get discount. If customer spend  £1 instore, can earn 2 Nectar point each purchase and 1 Nectar point for 1 liter of fuel purchase from Sainsburys fuel station. (Sainsburys 2010) Summer Special: Sainsburys always try to give offer promotion for their customer. They give some promotional offer to attract the customers for any special occasion such as summer special. (Sainsbury 2010) Instore Hot Offer: Every week Sainsburys provide plenty of great offers in-store across a wide range of products from fresh food to household essentials. Sainsburys Active Kids: Sainsbury launched Active kids to decrease levels of obesity in children and young adults through the exercise. Parents have to collect the voucher of Active kids from Sainsburys in-store which gives more confidence to children and parents to be more active and eat healthy. Online/website Bargains: Facility of online purchase is very popular to all customers. Generally they like to buy products from home. Sainsburys has facility of online shopping. So customer can select any item with price, features, availability and date of delivery. (Sainsbury 2010) Changes in Marketing Mix: When any company or organizations face lots of problem to increase their sales and profit, then they need to watch on their marketing mix and also they need to look their current problem along with sales and profit to improve their share market. Sainsburys also having some problem in their marketing mix. They have to give an effort to overcome the problem with applying new rules and strategy. According to marketing mix of Sainsbury, they have to change some rule by applying some new strategies. Such as: Focus on retail market in UK: Sainsbury can give the focus on their own product in the UK retail market for their customer, to give guarantee, value, quality and service. Sainsbury wants to restructure the relation with their core customer. Need more plan for food: Sainsburys is trying to take back their missing confident of customers query about excellent and reliable price tag. If Sainsbury will generate an innovative price strategy which is supplementary whet then Sainsbury will get more confidence to satisfy their customers. Stores restructure Programme: Sainsburys can focus on core grocery market but also in the growing non food sector. Sainsbury needs to up to date their old store and renewals through the latest system. This store up to date program will assist to save cost and also time. They have to change the total decoration of their old store to put successful element and stock Need more new store: Sainsburys aim is to increase its total sales area to around 2 million square meters, divide between grocery and non food ranges (including superstores, supermarket and hypermarkets) and 100 convenience stores. Sainsburys also takes some decision to build more stores out of its heartland in the South of England and areas where it is under represented such as Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Sainsburys decides to extend an additional 75 stores and refurbish 190 outlets. (ProQuest 2010) More close to customers: Sainsburys need to more close to customer through operating 24 hours open store. Also Sainsburys is controlling few 24 hours shop but to come closer to their customers, they have to extend their time, such as 24 hours shops. Price Cutting: Price cutting is the diminution of retail prices to a level low enough to get rid of competition. If Sainsburys wants more customers, so Sainsbury has to cut their cost evaluating with the other companies. CONCLUSION: Sainsbury is one of the biggest supermarket in UK for sure but according to recent financial crisis in all over world snatched its brand positioning while Tesco, ASDA, Waitrose are also down grading their sales performance in this recent years. Certain things like employment, tax rates, VAT, corporation taxes take major part to analyze the financial analysis of the company. But Sainsburys market condition is Good. While we looked in the marketing mix, Sainsburys have great potentiality to capture the wide market if they will change their some strategy. RECOMMENDATION:

Formicidae Biodiversity in Texas Vegetation

Formicidae Biodiversity in Texas Vegetation A COMPARISON OF FORMICIDAE BIODIVERSITY IN NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE VEGETATION IN SOUTH TEXAS A study to determine how ant communities in non-native vegetation, specifically in Cenchrus ciliaris, differ from native vegetation in south Texas. ABSTRACT When non-native grasses become invasive, they can alter plant communities and can therefore, potentially affect arthropods due to their relationships with the vegetation they reside on. Cenchrus ciliaris is a non-native grass to the United States and is commonly known as buffel grass. Its drought resistance and quick propagation has made buffel grass invasive and has changed the ecosystems they now reside. Ants will be sampled from patches in native vegetation and buffel grass in San Ygnacio for 12 months. This study seeks to determine how ant communities in predominantly Cenchrus ciliaris, differs from relatively undisturbed native vegetation in south Texas. I pursue to compare ant richness between native vegetation and buffel grass as well as compare richness and abundance between native ant species and non-native ant species. I expect the results to demonstrate lower ant richness and abundance in the locations with buffel grass and higher abundance of invasive species in buffel gr ass. Introduction The introduction and spread of invasive plants is a cause of concern worldwide (Blossey 1999; Didham 2005). The ability of humans to travel between different countries around the world has facilitated the introduction of non-native plants to new locations. These new environments usually lack the natural predators and other natural biological control factors, thus causing these plants to become invasive. (Keane Crawley 2002; Tallamy 2004). Invasive plants can also have characteristics that aid their establishment and survival. For example, some of these plants can have a higher tolerance to drought or can propagate more quickly. They can also create unfavorable conditions for native plants by altering soil litter and nutrients (Bakker Wilson 2001). Therefore, invasive plants can often out-compete native plants, resulting in lower vegetation diversity and abundance (Pimentel 1999; Bakker Wilson 2001). Many species of plants have been introduced into the United States, and although a relatively small percentage of these species negatively impact the ecosystems they invade, studies should be done on specific invasive plants to determine the negative impacts they may be causing to the environment. Buffel Grass Cenchrus ciliaris is a non-native grass to the United States and is commonly known as buffel grass. It is native to most of Africa, southern and southwestern Asia, and Italy, Sicily. Buffel grass was originally introduced to Texas (U.S.A.) and northern Mexico in the 1930s and 1940s to improve pasture in overgrazed habitats and to develop new rangelands (Cox et al. 1988). Its drought tolerance and high biomass productivity made it the most popular grass to use in these countries (Arriaga et al. 2004). Due to its commercial value and impact as a weed it is considered a contentious species. Although the agricultural benefit of buffel grass is controversial, buffel grasslands can be a threat to biodiversity because they are created by invading and removing native plants (Arriaga et al. 2004; Cox et al. 1988). The threat that buffel grass poses to the native vegetation and alteration of the ecosystem, can have an effect from birds to arthropods. Buffle grass appears to provide a less suit able habitat for breeding birds, especially bird species that forage on or near the ground (Bingham et al. 2006). While changes in plant litter can alter arthropod abundance (Wolkovich 2009).   Buffel grass is also associated with increased severity of fires by a buffel grass-initiated fire invasion feedback (Miller et.al 2010). Despite the serious environmental effects buffel grass may cause, there are no national strategies to manage it (Marshal et al. 2011).   Understanding the effects buffel grass has on biodiversity in south Texas can bring insights on whether there is a serious threat to other native vegetation and ecosystem functions. Arthropods: Formicidae Arthropods have many ecological roles within an ecosystem, functioning as prey resources for many taxa, as important predators, and as pollinators and seed dispersers (Isaacs et al. 2009). Recent studies document how plant invasions contribute to arthropod abundance (Wolkovich 2009). Changes in the vegetation cover can have an effect on arthropod diversity and are therefore used as indicators of negative effects on an environment. An important arthropod that is very diverse, does not fall into a single functional group, and can be classified as herbivores, predators, and detrivores, are ants (Triplehorn Johnson 2005). Ants (order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae) are relatively well-studied and easy to identify to the species level (Wolkovich et al. 2009). Structure and composition of ant communities can reflect the nature of the environments in which they reside on. Ants are also commonly used as bio-indicators in studies for fire management, pesticide contamination, and habitat dist urbance (Burbidge 1992).   Reduction in ant species abundance, diversity, and richness has been documented when alterations of ecosystems occur, for example, an increase of invasive plants (Burbidge 1992; Wolkovich et al. 2009). Therefore, this study will be measuring ant richness and abundance to determine how ant communities in non-native vegetation, specifically in Cenchrus ciliaris, differ from native vegetation in south, TX. This will further our understanding of the effects that buffel grass has on the ecosystem. METHODS Study Sites Study plot areas were selected in San Ygnacio, TX. The study area was comprised of a mixture of grasses and shrubs. Native grasses included knotroot bristle grass (Setaria parviflora), Texas Grama (Bouteloua rigidiseta), Common Curly Mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) and tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus). Predominant native shrubs included honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), guajillo (Acacia berlandieri), and blackbrush (Acacia rigidula). The non-native grass was predominantly buffel grass. The soil in the study site was mostly sandy and dry. The native areas where traps will be placed were selected based on the abundance of native vegetation and lack of buffel grass, while the areas for the non-native traps will be placed where buffel grass is the most predominant plant. Sampling It was determined that surveying arthropods was a more cost-effective and accurate design for assessment of biodiversity (Oliver Beattie 1996) Direct sampling with pitfall traps seems to be the optimal collection method for surveying ants so it will be the method of collection that will be used in this study (Jaffe Romero 1989). There will be six pitfall traps placed in predominantly native vegetation and six pitfall traps in areas that are predominantly invaded with buffel grass. The pitfall traps will contain either propylene glycol or alcohol glycol for trapping and conservation of the arthropods. These traps will be place at ground level and will each be labeled accordingly; N for native and B for buffel grass. Each of these traps will have their GPS coordinates and the nearest vegetation to the traps recorded. They will be left out for a week and they will be collected by hand for a year. Ant Sorting and Identification After the traps are collected ants will be sorted into separate vials labeled with their respective trap number and date. All the other arthropods collected in the traps will be sorted to order. Ants will be identified down to species in Dr. Motts lab following a set of identification keys. The data collected will be recorded and data analysis will be performed. Species richness, abundance, and evenness will also be calculated. RESULTS DISCUSSION With this study, I expect to see a difference in biodiversity, richness and abundance between native vegetation and buffel grass. I expect a decrease of these in buffel grass. I also would like to analyze and compare the abundance and richness between native and non-native ants between native vegetation and buffel grass. This could bring insight on the effect buffel grass has on non-native species of ants and determine if it facilitates their settlement. If there is a difference in diversity more studies should be made on the impacts buffel grass has in the ecosystem to further understand the negative effects and determine management techniques. CONCLUSION Cenchrus ciliaris, buffel grass, is an invasive grass that can alter and cause negative effects to the ecosystems they invade. This study will provide insight to the effects this grass truly has on the environment and determine the ecological impact of buffel grass. This will be achieved by comparing ant biodiversity, richness and abundance in native vegetation and, buffel grass.   I expect the results of this study demonstrate a difference in ant diversity between native and non-native vegetation and that further studies can be made to determine buffel grass management. REFERENCES Arriaga, L., Castellanos, A. E., Moreno, E. and Alarcà ³n, J. (2004). Potential ecological distribution of alien invasive species and risk assessment: A case study of buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico. Conservation Biology 18:1504-1514. Bakker, J., and S. Wilson. 2001. Competitive abilities of introduced and native grasses. Plant Ecology 157:117-125. Bernays, E. M., and M. Graham. 1988. On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology 69:886-892. Bingham, R., Brennan, L., Flanders A. A., Fulbright, T., Kuvlesky, W., Ruthven, D., and R. Zaiglin, 2006. Effects of Invasive Exotic Grasses on South Texas Rangeland Breeding Birds (Efectos de Pastos Invasores Exà ³ticos en las Aves que Nidifican en los Campos de Pastoreo del Sur de Texas). The Auk 123: 171-182. Blossey, B. 1999. Before, during, and after: the need for long-term monitoring in invasive plant species management. Biological Invasions 1:301-311. Burbidge A. H., K. Leicester, S. McDavitt, J. D. Majer. 1992. Ants as indicators of disturbance at Yanchep National Park, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 75: 89-95. Cord E.C. Changes in Arthropod Abundance and Diversity with Invasive Grasses. Texas AM Kingsville. Cox, J. R., M. H. Martin , F. A. Ibarra , J. H. Fourie , N. F. G. Rethman , and D. G. Wilcox . 1988. The influence of climates and soils in the distribution of four African grasses. Journal of Range Management 41: 127-139. Didham, R. K., J. M. Tylianakis, M. A. Hutchinson, R. M. Ewers, and N.J. Gemmel. 2005. Are invasive species drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:470-473. Isaacs, R., J. Tuell, A. Fiedler, M. Gardiner, and D. Landis. 2009. Maximizing arthropod mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes: the role of native plants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:196-203 Jaffe, K., and H. Romero. 1989. A Comparison of Methods of Sampling Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Savannas. Biotropica 21:314-352 Keane, R. M., and M. J. Crawley. 2002. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:164-170. Marshall N.A., M. Friedel, R.D. van Klinken, and A.C. Grice. 2011. Considering the social dimension of invasive species: the case of buffel grass. Environmental Science Policy 14: 327-338. Miller G., Friedel M., Adam P., and V. Chewings. 2010. Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback?. The Rangeland Journal 32: 353-365. Oliver, I., A. Beattie. 1996. Designing a Cost-Effective Invertebrate Survey: A Test of Methods for Rapid Assessment of Biodiversity. Ecological Applications 6: 594-607. Pimental, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 1999. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 53:53-65. Steinberg, P. 2001. Prosopis glandulosa. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Stromberg, J.C. 1993. Riparian mesquite forests: A review of their ecology, threats, and recovery potential. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27:111-124. Tallamy, D. W. 2004. Do alien plants reduce insect biomass? Conservation Biology 18:1689-1692. Tallamy, D. W., and K. J. Shropshire. 2009. Ranking lepidopteran use of native versus introduced plants. Conservation Biology 23:941-947. Triplehorn, C. A., and N. F. Johnson. 2005. Borror and DeLongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s introduction to the study of insects: 7 th edition. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California. Ueckert, D.N. 1974. Influence of Defoliation by the Cutworm Melipotis indomita on Control of Honey Mesquite with 2,4,5-T in West Texas. Journal of Range Management 27:153-155. Van Auken, O.W. 2000. Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:197-215. Ward, C.R., OBrein, C.W., OBrien, L.B., D. E. Foster, D.E. Huddleston E.W. 1977. Annotated checklist of New World insects associated with Prosopis (mesquite): Technical bulletin no. 1557. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Field Manual.

What is Truth - Comparison of Plato and Peirces Philosophy :: essays research papers

What is Truth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For thousands of years, mankind has persistently pursued truth, knowledge, and understanding. For most, this pursuit is a driving force which usually doesn’t end until one finds a â€Å"truth† that is satisfying to him or her. Even then, however, one may choose to look for an alternate truth that may be even more satisfying to them. This pursuit does not always follow the same path for everyone as there are different ideas as to how truth is actually obtained and which is the best way to obtain it. Two individuals and great philosophers of their time, Plato and Charles Peirce, each had their own ideas on how truth and knowledge could be obtained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main differences between Plato’s and Peirce’s philosophies regarding truth is that Plato believed truth is founded in knowledge while Peirce believed knowledge could never be obtained. Plato believed that everyone possesses knowledge and the realization of this knowledge could be achieved through recollection. This was demonstrated in Plato’s Meno when Socrates presented the â€Å"square of double size† question to the slave boy. Socrates did not teach the slave boy how to get the answer, he merely asked the boy a series of questions and the boy came to the right answer through recollection. In this way, the boy already possessed the knowledge to answer the question correctly. With this philosophy, truth is past-oriented. Past experiences and universal knowledge is the key to truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato also had the philosophy of dyadic intuitionism. Intuition, Plato believed, is the basis of knowledge. Logical progressions need not be made to determine relationships and discover truth. Plato was closer to the side of the â€Å"Realm of Being† as opposed to the â€Å"Realm of Becoming†. The ‘Realm of Being† is eternal, involves recollection and acquisition of knowledge, and consists of a more optimistic view of truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peirce, on the other hand, believed that true knowledge could never be obtained. He believed that truth was future oriented. Peirce’s preferred method of pursuing truth was the scientific method. This method consists of forming a hypothesis and trying to disprove the hypothesis through practical evidence. Although Peirce thought the scientific method was the best approach to search for truth, he believed that it could only be used to disprove a hypothesis, and that nothing could be proven for certain. It is through this idea that his belief that knowledge can never be obtained is founded.

The change in enthalpy for the combustion of magnesium metal Essay exam

The change in enthalpy for the combustion of magnesium metal Abstract ======== Hess’s law of heat summation states that the value of DH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs directly or as a series of steps. This principle was used to determine the change in enthalpy for a highly exothermic reaction, the combustion of magnesium metal. Enthalpy changes for the reactions of Mg in HCl (aq) and MgO (s) in HCl (aq) were determined experimentally, then added to that for the combustion of hydrogen gas to arrive at a value of –587 kJ/mol Mg. Compared with the accepted value of –601.8 kJ/mol Mg, our experimental error was 2.46%. Introduction In this investigation the change in enthalpy will be determined from the following equation: 2Mg + O2  ® 2MgO, but in an indirect manner. Magnesium metal burns with a bright extremely hot flame to produce magnesium oxide. It would be difficult to measure the heat of the reaction since the reaction is rapid and occurs at a high temperature (LeMay et al, 1996). So, to determine the change in enthalpy we will employ Hess’s Law of heat summation: It states that the value of DH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs directly or as a series of steps (LeMay et al, 1996). We will perform the two following reactions: Mg + 2HCl  ® MgCl2 + H2 and MgO + 2HCl  ® MgCl2 + H2O, determine their enthalpy changes (DHs), and they will then be â€Å"added† to that of a given equation, the combustion of water, H2 + 1/2 O2  ® H2O DH=-285.5 kJ/mol. In this investigation we will be working with potentially dangerous chemicals and safety precautions must be made. Magnesium oxide is a respiratory and eye irritant, the dust must not be inhaled and all work with MgO should be conducted in the fume hood ( Cartwright,... ...te, only having a 2.46% error. These errors may be accounted for by inaccurate measurements, mathematical mistakes, incomplete reactions, poor heat collection, incorrect recording of data, and poorly calibrated tools. To avoid such error one should label all materials, check each tool before use, take extra care in reading and recording of measurements, double check all calculations, and most of all be patient, labs take time and a rushed procedure leads to inaccurate data and incorrect analysis. Sources Cited Cartwright, H.(last revised 2002, November 5). Chemical and other Safety Information. The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University. [online]. (accessed 2002, December, 4) LeMay, H.E.,Beall, H., Roblee, K.M., and Brower, D.C. (1996).Chemistry: Connections to our changing world, Laboratory Manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The change in enthalpy for the combustion of magnesium metal Essay exam The change in enthalpy for the combustion of magnesium metal Abstract ======== Hess’s law of heat summation states that the value of DH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs directly or as a series of steps. This principle was used to determine the change in enthalpy for a highly exothermic reaction, the combustion of magnesium metal. Enthalpy changes for the reactions of Mg in HCl (aq) and MgO (s) in HCl (aq) were determined experimentally, then added to that for the combustion of hydrogen gas to arrive at a value of –587 kJ/mol Mg. Compared with the accepted value of –601.8 kJ/mol Mg, our experimental error was 2.46%. Introduction In this investigation the change in enthalpy will be determined from the following equation: 2Mg + O2  ® 2MgO, but in an indirect manner. Magnesium metal burns with a bright extremely hot flame to produce magnesium oxide. It would be difficult to measure the heat of the reaction since the reaction is rapid and occurs at a high temperature (LeMay et al, 1996). So, to determine the change in enthalpy we will employ Hess’s Law of heat summation: It states that the value of DH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs directly or as a series of steps (LeMay et al, 1996). We will perform the two following reactions: Mg + 2HCl  ® MgCl2 + H2 and MgO + 2HCl  ® MgCl2 + H2O, determine their enthalpy changes (DHs), and they will then be â€Å"added† to that of a given equation, the combustion of water, H2 + 1/2 O2  ® H2O DH=-285.5 kJ/mol. In this investigation we will be working with potentially dangerous chemicals and safety precautions must be made. Magnesium oxide is a respiratory and eye irritant, the dust must not be inhaled and all work with MgO should be conducted in the fume hood ( Cartwright,... ...te, only having a 2.46% error. These errors may be accounted for by inaccurate measurements, mathematical mistakes, incomplete reactions, poor heat collection, incorrect recording of data, and poorly calibrated tools. To avoid such error one should label all materials, check each tool before use, take extra care in reading and recording of measurements, double check all calculations, and most of all be patient, labs take time and a rushed procedure leads to inaccurate data and incorrect analysis. Sources Cited Cartwright, H.(last revised 2002, November 5). Chemical and other Safety Information. The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University. [online]. (accessed 2002, December, 4) LeMay, H.E.,Beall, H., Roblee, K.M., and Brower, D.C. (1996).Chemistry: Connections to our changing world, Laboratory Manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.